The Concept of Risk in Different Project Management Approaches Essay

The Concept of Risk in Different Project Management Approaches - Essay Example This is on the grounds that they are unsure and may rely upon outside components past the extent of the venture. Monitoring the dangers engaged with an undertaking empowers the administrator to design, limit, maintain a strategic distance from, adapt or change in accordance with the potential dangers. Dangers are equipped for preventing the tasks destinations from being figured it out. Hazard the executives is significant and there are various systems which are applied in venture the executives to limit the negative results (Hubbard2009, p. 35). A portion of the systems incorporate Prince 2 and SCRUM. Sovereign 2 is an exceptionally controlled undertaking which guarantees that specific measures are adhered to accomplish determined gauges or quality. SCRUM is a deft approach which creates programming. It is applied to improvement of new items with characterized jobs and techniques. Contrasting Prince 2 and SCRUM will help recognize the qualities and shortcomings of the conventional dr ew closer to the utilization of programming in chance administration. 2. The Concept of Risk Management Crouhyâ et al (2000) notice that venture the executives is seen as the activity led previously and during the undertaking the board which recognizes the vulnerabilities and obliges. The recognizable proof empowers venture directors to expel obliges and cleanse out vulnerabilities. Disposing of vulnerabilities and oblige totally is testing. The troughs can lessen compels and vulnerabilities and deal with the staying level of hazard. Hazard the board is process that includes examining and perceiving dubious chance (positive and negative), using accessible assets to limit, control and evaluate the impacts of questionable events. Dangers the board is likewise considered as a methods for amplifying on the chances. Dangers in venture the executives exude from common reason or disaster, lawful liabilities, credit the board, changes in money related market, improper task configuration, absence of improvements, absence of maintainability and assaults from foes. Different foundations have been set up to set measures that aid hazard the executives. They incorporate the ISO norms and the Project Management Institute. The foundations change contingent upon the enterprises they can be applied. The methodology, conceptualization and intentions are relied upon the particular business an undertaking falls (Hopkin 2012) According to Mulcahy (2010) dangers the executives is likewise viewed as a piece of task the board that spots dangers, actualize systems and create alternate courses of action. Hazard the executives is considered as a device that takes out, limits or changes dangers to permit the acknowledgment of objectives and goals of the venture. Regular dangers include: absence of comprehension of the task, suppositions in the venture, dependence on rehearses explained by different groups, absence of preparing for worker and helpless dynamic (Crouhyâ et al 2001). Diver se task the board handles chances by moving the hazard, limiting the event of the hazard, limiting the effects, sidestepping the hazard and tolerating the outcomes in certain examples. This paper will embrace chance administration as methods for lessening and adapting to dangers during an undertaking. 3. The idea of Risk in Prince 2 Prince 2 indicates Projects in Controlled Environment 2. Ruler is broadly utilized in the United Kingdom for open and private tasks. It is exceptionally organized and normalized to address the executives issues, authorize control and give association. Sovereign 2 involves preparing for supervisors and gives confirmation. Sovereign 2 techniques depends on: legitimization of the business, clearness of capacities,

Promoting Diversity at Workplaces

New Jersey corrections officer

Paul Leaders has been a New Jersey Department of Corrections Officer (NJDCO) for more than ten years.â As a NJDCO, Paul’s job and obligation is to â€Å"ensure the care, wellbeing and care of criminal wrongdoers bound in state restorative facilities† (www.state.nj.us/corrections).â â It is his obligation to â€Å"ensure the security and government assistance of the staff and detainee populace, aid the rehabilitative endeavors for those imprisoned people coming back to the network and advance open help for the activity and destinations of the Department of Corrections† (www.state.nj.us/revisions). At 25 years old, Paul started his vocation with the Department of Corrections.â Before he turned into a full-fledge rectifications office, he needed to experience a screening process.â The pre-work screening is a four eliminate process that incorporates filling an application, taking a video test, finishing a PC foundation evaluation, a general and escalated historical verification, a medication test, a composed psych test, a clinical test and a psych interview.â If an interviewee gets past the screening effectively, next comes a multi week instructional class at the institute and afterward a hands on trial (www.state.nj.us/corrections).â The pre-business screening is vivacious to debilitate the individuals who are not genuine about making the Department of Corrections their profession of decision. When Paul effectively finished his screening, his hands on trial started in an adolescent facility.â His eyes were opened to the brutal real factors of his position when he was assaulted by a multi year-old prisoner. In spite of the fact that, he was not truly harmed, his point of view changed. Paul understood that to carry out his responsibility as well as could be expected and to secure himself and his colleagues, he needed to regard all detainees as perilous, regardless of what their age.â Throughout the years, the threats related with his profession decision were unmistakably seen.â NJDOC’s are frequently placed in an assortment of tight spots. The proportion of officials to detainees is 1 to 3 (www.njpp.org/rpt_moneyfornothing).â Since they are out-numbered, a NJDOC’s objective is to stop possibly unsafe circumstances before they happen.â Paul learned numerous significant procedures in his brain science classes during his 14-week preparing process. (www.state.nj.us/corrections).â It is such a great amount of simpler to keep circumstances from occurring than to attempt to de-heighten a circumstance once it has begun. Paul has discovered the most testing part of being a NJDCO is the individual standard necessary.â A NJDCO must have a higher arrangement of guidelines when the bars clank shut.â A day by day part of the activity incorporates being provoked, gotten out of your name, and potentially attacked.â Through this, a NJDCO can't retaliate.â It isn't the remedy officer’s spot to blow up or react in kind.â They should dismiss when a detainee is deliberately attempting to irritate them.â If an official damages a prisoner or is found manhandling their power, they will be fired.â The obligation of a NJDCO is to maintain the laws of the punitive code and approach detainees with deference. NJDCOs’ invest energy at rent forty hours every week with inmates.â Officers become acquainted with the prisoners amazingly well and see aspects of the human mind numerous individuals are uninformed of.â â€Å"40% of NJDOC guilty parties were indicted for a fierce offense, for example, murder, rape, exasperated or basic ambush, theft, capturing and other individual offenses (fear monger dangers, intimidation, robbery from an individual, demise via auto and careless manslaughter)† (www.state.nj.us/amendments). Managing detainees personally is no stroll in the park.â Officer associations with prisoners have gone from one extraordinary to another.â Some officials have been accused of bringing prisoners stash and others have been accused of attack on an inmate.â The way to endurance is finding the parity †living in the center is a NJDCO officer’s way. The division of amendments has a code of morals that must be clung to if an official is to keep going on the job.â It is important to hold in certainty all data picked up at work, no endowments or administrations can be acknowledged from detainees or relatives and no close to home or monetary profit is to be made that is in strife with obligations or will impede objectivity or judgment (www.state.nj.us/corrections).â To summarize it, be straightforward and do your job.â Unfortunately, for a few, that’s more difficult than one might expect. The Department of Corrections has a Hearing Appeals Section and an Administrative Law/Civil Employment Litigation Section that handles worker discipline/complaints and resolves bodies of evidence against representatives (www.state.nj.us/corrections).â Whenever a prison guard is confronting a moral issue, portrayal is given so that the officer’s rights are not disregarded. Obviously, there are explicit laws remedy officials must obey and in the event that they intentionally surpass the degree of their capacity, at that point they can confront a pass judgment and perhaps go to jail.â The additional worry of the activity diminishes the amendment officer’s life range to 59 years (www.jrank.org).â Therefore, it is important to have your watchman up constantly on the off chance that you need to settle on shrewd decisions, get past the workday with your own respect unblemished and live longer than what a few analysts have anticipated. The pressure of the activity has made Paul contemplate moving into an alternate region of law implementation yet this may require additionally preparing and schooling.â As a prison guard, his secondary school certificate was all he required, alongside being a US resident, having a legitimate New Jersey driver’s permit, communicating in English well and having the option to deal with the activity genuinely and psychologically.â Although he took additional courses during preparing, he doesn't accept that will be sufficient for an exchange to an alternate department.â Paul has not explored the move and following a particularly hard day with the detainees, he guarantees himself that he will. Delayed contact with detainees is the fundamental distinction between NJDCO positions and other law authorization positions.â Policemen and criminologists, for instance, explore wrongdoings and track criminals.â They may need to confront the people in court, yet once they are bolted up, their contact with the criminal is over.â A NJDCO’s contact with the criminal starts after the other law requirement officers’ contact has finished and that contact keeps going as long as the inmates’ sentence. For the initial scarcely any long stretches of his vocation, Paul discovered satisfaction on his job.â He is serving his state, giving a required help, securing the occupants of New Jersey and helping his individual officers.â Now, he can’t state that.â The pressure of not realizing what will occur from everyday is incredibly hard and the most recent couple of years have been a struggle.â The steady problem of the activity has gotten overpowering and is causing a strain on his marriage of 2 years.â The way that he can't communicate why he disappointed and he wouldn't like to discuss the activity increments to the couple’s dissatisfaction. Include the way that he can't discuss classified data and the circumstance gets dangerous.â Communication among Paul and his significant other has gone from terrible to worse.â Because they are wanting to have kids, Paul as of late moved from the adolescent office to a base security prison.â They are trusting this change will diminish his pressure and facilitate the strain in their relationship.â Paul accepts the exchange will have a major effect in his demeanor and anxiety, expanding his activity fulfillment. In New Jersey, the Department of Corrections is comprised of least, medium and most extreme security prisons.â With 14 significant establishments, including 8 male jails, 3 youth offices, 1 female jail, and one jail for sex wrongdoers, there were a lot of offices for Paul to pick from.â Moving to a greatest security jail would have implied a salary raise however for Paul, included cash would have brought included stress.â This wasn’t the situation when Paul’s profession started yet today, the compensation for a prison guard is $43,000.â The maximum sum for a senior prison guard is $65,000, accomplished in nine stage increases (www.state.nj.us/revisions). There are more than ten unique advancements accessible to senior prison guards, which incorporate, Central Transportation, Correction Staff Training Academy, Critical Incident Negotiation Teams, Custody Recruitment Unit and SRP Boot Camp.â These are only a portion of the positions accessible to Senior Correction Officers (www.state.nj.us/corrections).â Although, all officials experience thorough preparing that incorporates coursework, most officials who move into higher positions have extra schooling.â If things work out in a good way in his new position, Paul accepts that one day, he might be prepared to meet for one of the special positions. Paul accepts the way in to an effective profession in the Department of Corrections is to stroll hands on every day with an attitude of uprightness and politeness blended in with firmness.â Inmates are individuals, much the same as you, regardless of what they’ve done.â An official can't trifle with their wrongdoings yet an official must, as well as could be expected, treat them with respect.â Then, carry out your responsibility, have an actual existence outside of work, exit your position at the entryway and decide to be happy.â That might be the key.â Paul trusts it will be the way in to his future joy and the future joy of his family. References 2006.â Retrieved April 3, 2007 from http://www.jrank.org. Forsberg, Mary E.â Money for Nothing?â The Financial Cost of New Jersey’s Death Penalty.â November 2005.â Retrieved April 6, 2007 from http://www.njpp.org. New Jersey Department of Corrections.â 1996.â Retrieved April 3, 2007 from http://www.state.nj.u

Learning from Group Dynamics at General Electric free essay sample

A breakdown of the progressions and frameworks that have driven GE to turn out to be so effective under Jack Welch. This paper gives a full record of Jack Welchs effective rebuilding of General electric. It accounts the laying off of 10,000 staff and his attention on collaboration in little gatherings of employments moving laborers. Additionally referenced are the effective merger with Borg-Warner Chemicals and the lightening of entomb division competition which prompted net wasteful aspects. An extremely full and useful exposition. From the paper: In April, 1981, Jack Welch, presently the most well known CEO in America, succeeded Reg Jones at General Electric. Jones had driven GE to 26 successive quarters of improved profit through two downturns. Welch improved: during his residency at GE the organization outflanked 93% of the Fortune 500 in absolute quantifiable profit. GE has gotten one of the most important organizations on the globe. Welch did this by rebuilding General Electric in a progressive manner and by being focused on that rebuilding. We will compose a custom paper test on Gaining from Group Dynamics at General Electric or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He tore separated the organization, laid off more than 100,00 individuals (procuring him the moniker Neutron Jack) and made an organization where collaboration was remunerated from various perspectives. Through creative rebuilding, Welch had the option to draw out the best in GE representatives, so they worked gainfully in little, high-performing gatherings, with motivating forces to perform well, yet to help the organization itself perform better. Rivalry among people and gatherings was regularly dodged. The analysis in cooperation, or gathering conduct, is an intriguing one.

Were the Achaemenids Zoroastrians?

Were The Achaemenids Zoroastrians? The Biggest Empire, which the antiquated world has ever observed, would be the Achaemenid Persian Empire. This realm extended from Anatolia, Egypt, Asia, northern India and Central Asia. Creation of this domain started in 550 B. C. The Achaemenid is known as the principal Persian Empire and the biggest. Antiquated history fundamentally discloses to us Zoroastrianism grew some place in Iran around 1000 years after Zoroaster. Researchers have said the Achaemenids time had at last started when Cyrus the extraordinary effectively conflicted with his dad in law who was leader of the Medians.That is when Zoroastrianism began to impact the Median clans. The Median at that point started to move eastwards past the Zagros mountains. They moved to Kermanshah and started to interface with Zoroastrians. Inside a similar timeframe in the southern Iran Persians moved towards the East. The Persians at that point began to overwhelm a clan called the Elamites. While this was occurring Zoroastrianism pushed ahead among all Medians and Persians which were moving towards the East. Minimal about Zoroastrianism was known until around 549-550 BCE.When Cyrus the incredible who lead the Persians established Western Iran and made the principal greatest Persian Empire. The Achaemenid time frame created around 558 B. C by Cyrus the incredible. The Zoroastrian religion at that point joined powers with the Persian Empire. Nobody really recognizes what befall the Zoroastrian people group after Zoroaster died. Concerning his message it was said that it had in the long run gone the whole way across the Iranian world. It isn't sure to what extent it had taken for Zoroastrianism to turn into the Iranians fundamental religion. Zoroastrianism had experienced the Iranian universes Western part by the sixth century BCE.The Iranian individuals rehearsed their customary Iranian religion up until the start of the Achaemenid Empire, on which they had changed over to Zor oastrianism. Cyrus ruler of the Acheamnids Empire had supplanted the Median Empire with the Achaemenid Empire. The Achaemenid was the primary domain in old history that had a colossal augmentation. Zoroastrianism was the principle religion of the Iranians under the Achaemenids. There are numerous signs towards the Achaemenids being Zoroastrians, for example, Greek works, Achaemenids landmarks, antiques and furthermore messages, which were from Persia in Old Persian.All investigate show the early rulers religion didn't know of but rather the later Achaemenids were Zoroastrians. Then again, there is a specific way which calls attention to the Achaemenid rulers were Zoroastrians. Which would stand out they utilize the name Ahura Mazda. The Achaemnids lords every now and again notice the incomparable God as a maker. In doing so it in any event firmly shows the rulers were to some degree affected by Zoroastrianism. It isn't sure on Cyrus’s convictions yet it has been accepted to b e connected some place around Zoroaster’s date.It is additionally trusted Cyrus was especially affected by Zoroaster’s lessons because of his approaches and acts. One of numerous demonstrations would be he liberated all the Jewish individuals and permitted them to return home. Researchers have said the Zoroastrianism religion impacted his choice. There are numerous reasons not knowing Cyrus' convictions one of many would be there is no notice about Cyrus in the Zoroastrian custom. By the sixth century B. C the Achaemenid imperial house had acknowledged Zoroastrianism. Cyrus the incredible had likewise took every Eastern Iranian under his rule.Due to being their first gathering with the Greeks the Persians had just turned Zoroastrian and were taking in Zoroaster from them. The Greeks have said Cyrus had named one of his little girls Atossa that originates from Hutaosa the sovereign of Vishtaspa one of Zoroaster’s regal supporters. Cyrus’s activity towards Zoroastrianism demonstrated he was a dedicated admirer. Be that as it may, he didn't make any endeavored to constrain the Iranian religion on his outsider subject. The way that Cyrus body had been laid in catacombs and treated and not presented by the Zoroastrianism custom it has kept researchers questionable on his beliefs.As you can see practically nothing is thought about Cyrus' convictions. Researchers have likewise said he had followed the direction of the Magians. It is likewise unequivocally accepted by Mary Boyce that Cyrus was without a doubt a Zoroastrian and that he had followed in his ancestor’s strides. The God, which the Achaemnid lords had faith in, was the incomparable Ahura Mazda. From whom they accepted had given them their domain and furthermore who guided them through completely cultivated deeds. In the Zoroastrian religion fire has a significant impact, the extent that the Old Iranian religion fire additionally played a significant role.Many portrayals sh ow the Achaemenid rulers revering before a fire. This is one of numerous realities that cause you to accept the rulers were Zoroastrians. As I expressed before Cyrus’s convictions didn't know of, yet rulers after Cyrus are accepted to have polished Zoroastrianism. Concerning the Persians simply like numerous other old individuals they had begun with a polytheistic religion and had confidence in the powers of nature. They had accepted there were Gods of nature, for example, the sun and sky. They likewise accepted the Gods had social forces. During the fifth century B. C the official Persian religion turned into the state religion.Even however all humankind were offered consent to follow any religion of their decision, the whole Achaemenids Empire had to pay a sanctuary assessment of 10%. This duty bolstered the Zoroastrianism practice and urged the realm to tail it. There is quite a bit of a discussion if the Achaemnids were Zoroastrians anyway the Achaemenids were know to be admirers of Ahura Mazda. As all ends have appeared, you can see that the Acheamnids lords and realm were Zoroastrians. I would not say the Persians had quite a bit of a decision from the start, yet as time went on they all rehearsed Zoroastrianism.I by and by would not say constantly had a reasonable decision. Despite the fact that it was said ‘’ all subjects were allowed opportunity of religion’’. The motivation behind why I don't think they had a reasonable decision would be, on the grounds that all subjects were required to pay a 10% sanctuary duty to help Zoroastrianism. In the antiquated time I am certain there were needy individuals who couldn't bear to make good on the assessment. Which gave them no decision however to rehearse the Zoroastrian religion. Another explanation I would state Persians needed to rehearse Zoroastrianism as a result of the illustrious family who had just acknowledged the religion.They were the leaders of the realm where huma nity was living. Since the rulers had just acknowledged Zoroastrianism I surmise there were a few people who acknowledged the religion and some who didn't have a decision. Zoroastrianism is one of the world’s most seasoned religions that shaped in Iran. So it makes it Impossible not to have had an effect change in the old occasions. As I have clarified previously, it isn't sure of Cyrus’s convictions. Anyway researchers have said his activities have indicated he was a dependable admirer towards the Zoroastrian religion.Nothing is known in to what extent it took the entire Achaemenids to acknowledge Zoroastrianism however in the long run they had all acknowledged Zoroastrianism. In all the data on the Acheamnids religion everything calls attention to that the Acheamnids were surely Zoroastrians. Book reference: M. Boyce, ‘’ Zoroaster and His Teachings,’’ in Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and practices. London, 2001 : 48-77 http://www. i ranchamber. com/history/articles/achaemenid_society_culture. php http://www. cais-soas. com/CAIS/Religions/iranian/Zarathushtrian/zoroastrianism

Tips For Students On How To Use Examples Of Good Essay

Tips For Students On How To Use Examples Of Good EssayWhen it comes to writing an essay or even the first draft, some students are advised to start by writing some samples of good essay and note down the ones that they can use for their own essays. These samples can be used to practice their own writing style as well as the writing style that they want to try out in their college assignments. Students should do this because these samples give them a guideline as to how to do good essays and save time.To write a good essay, students should know and write the most important parts of the essay such as introduction, conclusion, body, acknowledgments, and even conclusion. For this, they will need some sample essays as a reference to follow. To be able to write a good essay, students need to follow some key steps that will allow them to do this.A good essay does not have to be long. The length of the essay is determined by the students who are composing the essay. Usually, a shorter one is written compared to a longer one. This will allow the student to get some ideas from the samples of good essay and develop them into their own ideas.At times, students will not be very satisfied with the way their essays turn out but this does not mean that they should stop writing. In fact, when the essays are turned in, it will be an advantage for the students to see how their essay has been received. By seeing the reactions of the people around the world, the students will be able to improve their writing.After finishing all of the necessary writing for the essays, students will have to make sure that the grammar is correct. One way to check the grammar is to use the sample essays. By reading these essays, students will be able to see if there are errors in grammar that they may have made. Errors may also show up in the sentence structure that they used in the writing of the essay.Once the essay is complete, students should edit the essay. The first and foremost thing that they should do is proofread it. This will ensure that no mistakes were made in the writing of the essay. This will also allow the students to see if there are any important changes that they can make to the essays so that it is finished without any error.Another great tip for students to use for their own essays is to use the examples of good essay to copy what they have written. By reading the samples of good essay, students will be able to pick up some ideas that they can use in their own essays. By copying the examples of good essay, students will be able to continue working on the writing process. By using these samples of good essay, students will be able to improve their own writing skills.By following the guidelines that the samples of good essay offers, students will be able to produce a better essay. While writing an essay requires a lot of thought, students should be prepared before they start the writing process. This will allow them to be confident in the writing process as w ell as being more comfortable while writing the essay.

Advantage And Disadvantage of Mobile Phone - Free Essay Example

What are anabolic steroids? Anabolic steroids is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (e. g. , testosterone). They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects) in both males and females. The term anabolic steroids will be used throughout this report because of its familiarity, although the proper term for these compounds is anabolic-androgenic steroids. Anabolic steroids were developed in the late 1930s primarily to treat hypogonadism, a condition in which the testes do not produce sufficient estosterone for normal growth, development, and sexual functioning. The primary medical uses of these compounds are to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV infection or other diseases. During the 1930s, scientists discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle in laboratory animals, which led to abuse of the compounds first by bodybuilders and weightlifters and then by athletes in other sports. Steroid abuse has become so widespread in athletics that it can affect the outcome of sports contests. Illicit steroids are often sold at gyms, competitions, and through mail order operations after being smuggled into this country. Most illegal steroids in the United States are smuggled from countries that do not require a prescription for the purchase of steroids. Steroids are also illegally diverted from U. S. pharmacies or synthesized in clandestine laboratories. What are steroidal supplements? In the United States, supplements such as tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and androstenedione (street name Andro) previously could be purchased legally without a prescription through many commercial sources, including health ood stores. Steroidal supplements can be converted into testosterone or a similar compound in the body. Less is known about the side effects of steroidal supplements, but if large quantities of these compounds Index Letter from the Director What are anabolic steroids? What are steroidal supplements? What is the scope of steroid abuse in the United States? Why do people use anabolic steroids? How are anabolic steroids abused? What are the health consequences of steroid abuse? What effects do anabolic steroids have on behavior? Are anabolic steroids addictive? What can be done to prevent steroid abuse? NIDA-funded prevention research helps reduce steroid abuse. What treatments are effective for anabolic steroid abuse? Where can I get further scientific information about steroid abuse? Glossary and References substantially increase testosterone levels in the body, then they also are likely to produce the same side effects as anabolic steroids themselves. The purchase of these supplements, with the notable exception of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), became illegal after the passage in 2004 of amendments to the Controlled Substances Act. Commonly Abused Steroids Oral Steroids †¢Anadrol (oxymetholone) †¢Oxandrin oxandrolone) †¢Dianabol (methandrostenolone) †¢Winstrol (stanozolol) Injectable Steroids †¢Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) †¢Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate) †¢Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate) †¢Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate) †¢Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) What is the scope of steroid use in the United States? The 2005 Monitoring the Future study, a NIDA-funded survey of drug use among adolescents in middle and high schools across the United States, reported that past year use of steroids decreased significantly among 8th- and 10th-graders since peak use in 2000. Among 12th-graders, there was a ifferent trend—from 2000 to 2004, past year steroid use increased, but in 2005 there was a significant decrease, from 2. 5 percent to 1. 5 percent. Steroid abuse affects individuals of various ages. However, it is difficult to estimate the true prevalenc e of steroid abuse in the United States because many data sources that measure drug abuse do not include steroids. Scientific evidence indicates that anabolic steroid abuse among athletes may range between one and six percent. What are the health consequences of steroid abuse? Index Letter from the Director Anabolic steroid abuse has been associated ith a wide range of adverse side effects ranging from some that are physically unattractive, such as acne and breast development in men, to others that are life threatening, such as heart attacks and liver cancer. Most are reversible if the abuser stops taking the drugs, but some are permanent, such as voice deepening in females. Most data on the long-term effects of anabolic steroids in humans come from case reports rather than formal epidemiological studies. From the case reports, the incidence of lifethreatening effects appears to be low, but serious adverse effects may be underrecognized or underreported, especially ince they may occ ur many years later. Data from animal studies seem to support this possibility. One study found that exposing male mice for one-fifth of their lifespan to steroid doses comparable to those taken by human athletes caused a high frequency of early deaths. Hormonal system Steroid abuse disrupts the normal production of hormones in the body, causing both reversible and irreversible changes. Changes that can be reversed include reduced sperm production and shrinking of the testicles (testicular atrophy). Irreversible changes include male-pattern baldness and breast development (gynecomastia) in men. In one study of male bodybuilders, more than half had testicular atrophy and/or gynecomastia. In the female body, anabolic steroids cause masculinization. Breast size and body fat decrease, the skin becomes coarse, the clitoris enlarges, and the voice deepens. Women may experience excessive growth of body hair but lose scalp hair. With continued administration of steroids, some of these ef fects become irreversible. Musculoskeletal system Rising levels of testosterone and other sex hormones normally trigger the growth spurt that occurs during puberty and adolescence and provide the signals to stop growth as well. When a child or adolescent takes anabolic steroids, the resulting artificially high sex hormone levels can prematurely signal the bones to stop growing. Cardiovascular system Steroid abuse has been associated with What are anabolic steroids? What are steroidal supplements? What is the scope of steroid abuse in the United States? Why do people use anabolic steroids? How are anabolic steroids abused? What are the health consequences of steroid abuse? What effects do anabolic steroids have on behavior? Are anabolic steroids addictive? What can be done to prevent steroid abuse? NIDA-funded prevention esearch helps reduce steroid abuse. What treatments are effective for anabolic steroid abuse? Where can I get further scientific information about steroid abuse? Glossary and References Possible Health Consequences of Anabolic Steroid Abuse Hormonal system Men †¢infertility †¢breast development †¢shrinking of the testicles †¢male-pattern baldness Women †¢enlargement of the clitoris †¢excessive growth of body hair †¢male-pattern baldness Musculoskeletal system †¢short stature (if taken by adolescents) †¢tendon rupture Cardiovascular system †¢increases in LDL; †¢decreases in HDL †¢high blood pressure †¢heart attacks enlargement of the hearts left ventricle Liver †¢cancer †¢peliosis hepatis †¢tumors Skin †¢severe acne and cysts †¢oily scalp †¢jaundice †¢fluid retention Infection †¢HIV/AIDS †¢hepatitis Psychiatric effects †¢rage, aggression †¢mania †¢delusions cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart attacks and strokes, even in athletes younger than 30. Steroids contribute to the development of CVD, partly by changi ng the levels of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. Steroids, particularly oral steroids, increase the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decrease the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). High LDL and low HDL levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition in which fatty substances are deposited inside arteries and disrupt blood flow. If blood is prevented from reaching the heart, the result can be a heart attack. If blood is prevented from reaching the brain, the result can be a stroke. Steroids also increase the risk that blood clots will form in blood vessels, potentially disrupting blood flow and damaging the heart muscle so that it does not pump blood effectively. Liver Steroid abuse has been associated with liver tumors and a rare condition called peliosis hepatis, in which blood-filled cysts form in the liver. Both the tumors and the cysts can rupture, causing internal bleeding. Skin Steroid abuse can cause acne, cysts, and oily hair and skin. Infections Many abusers who inject anabolic steroids may use nonsterile injection techniques or share contaminated needles with other abusers. In addition, some steroid preparations are manufactured illegally under nonsterile conditions. These factors put abusers at risk for acquiring lifethreatening viral infections, such as HIV and hepatitis B and C. Abusers also can develop endocarditis, a bacterial infection that causes a potentially fatal inflammation f the inner lining of the heart. Bacterial infections also can cause pain and abscess formation at injection sites. What effects do anabolic steroids have on behavior? Case reports and small studies indicate that anabolic steroids, when used in high doses, increase irritability and aggression. Some steroid abusers report that they have committed aggressive acts, such as physical fighting or armed robbery, theft, vandalism, or burglary. Abusers who have committed aggressive acts or property crimes generally report that th ey engage in these behaviors more often when they take steroids than when they are drug free. A recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from secondary hormonal changes. Scientists have attempted to test the association between anabolic steroids and aggression by administering high steroid doses or placebo for days or weeks to human volunteers and then asking the people to report on their behavioral symptoms. To date, four such studies have been conducted. In three, high steroid doses did produce greater feelings of irritability and aggression than did placebo, although the effects appear to be highly variable across individuals. In one study, the drugs did not have that effect. One possible explanation, according to the researchers, is that some but not all anabolic steroids increase irritability and aggression. Recent animal studies show an increase in aggression after steroid administration. In a few controlled studies, aggression or adverse, overt behaviors resulting from the administration of anabolic steroid use have been reported by a minority of volunteers. In summary, the extent to which steroid abuse contributes to violence and behavioral disorders is unknown. As with the health complications of steroid buse, the prevalence of extreme cases of violence and behavioral disorders seems to be low, but it may be underreported or underrecognized. Research also indicates that some users might turn to other drugs to alleviate some of the negative effects of anabolic steroids. For example, a study of 227 men admitted in 1999 to a private treatment center for addiction to heroin or other opioids found that 9. 3 percent had abused anabolic steroids before trying any other illicit drug. Of these 9. 3 percent, 86 percent first used opioids to counteract insomnia and irritability resulting from anabolic steroids.